Etanol.nu

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Both ethanol and iso-butanolblends reduced cycle mass emissions of NOxand CO, and yield comparable cycle energy consumption.
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Blends of gasoline and iso-butanolincrease both acetaldehyde and formaldehyde emissions, while ethanol-gasoline blends increase acetaldehyde emissions, but not significantly formaldehyde.
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Aldehydeemissions are eliminated in an active (warm) three-way catalyst: cycle aldehydeemissions stem from initial cold-start phase.
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Improved cold-start engine operation with high-alcohol fuels (including iso-butanolblends) is critical for meeting emissions targets
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and yield comparable cycle energy consumption.